Aggregation

Aggregation combines individual records into a summary figure. Aggregating enforcement penalties requires care about what is being added: penalty, disgorgement and interest are different things, and adding them without saying so overstates the fine.

data and analysis · updated 2026-11-06

See also

• Disgorgement — Disgorgement is an order to give up gains obtained from unlawful conduct. It is remedial rather than punitive, which is why it is …
• Civil monetary penalty — A civil monetary penalty is a punitive fine imposed by a regulator or court, distinct from disgorgement of gains. Statutory tiers …

Terms that refer here

Nominal versus real

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