Selection bias arises when the process producing a dataset is related to what the data is being used to measure. Regulators choose which cases to bring, so enforcement counts measure enforcement priorities as much as underlying conduct.
data and analysis · updated 2026-09-08
See also
Survivorship bias— Survivorship bias is the distortion introduced by studying only the cases that made it into a sample. Enforcement data has it acut…
Detection rate— The detection rate is the share of actual violations that are found. It is unknown for market manipulation, and it is unknowable f…