Survivorship bias is the distortion introduced by studying only the cases that made it into a sample. Enforcement data has it acutely: it records manipulation that was detected and charged, which is not the same population as manipulation that occurred.
data and analysis · updated 2026-09-08
See also
Selection bias— Selection bias arises when the process producing a dataset is related to what the data is being used to measure. Regulators choose…
Detection rate— The detection rate is the share of actual violations that are found. It is unknown for market manipulation, and it is unknowable f…