Survivorship bias

Survivorship bias is the distortion introduced by studying only the cases that made it into a sample. Enforcement data has it acutely: it records manipulation that was detected and charged, which is not the same population as manipulation that occurred.

data and analysis · updated 2026-11-06

See also

• Selection bias — Selection bias arises when the process producing a dataset is related to what the data is being used to measure. Regulators choose…
• Detection rate — The detection rate is the share of actual violations that are found. It is unknown for market manipulation, and it is unknowable f…

Terms that refer here

Selection bias

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